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class=\"has-text-align-center has-small-font-size\">\u672c\u6587\u5171\u8ba1 7963 \u5b57\uff0c\u9884\u8ba1\u9700\u8981 20 \u5206\u949f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" 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style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5\u5973\u6027\u4e13\u7528\u5395\u6240\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\u6743<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c0a\u4e25\u662f\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)\u300b\u4ee5\u6b64\u5f00\u7bc7\uff1a\u300c\u9274\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5168\u4f53\u4eba\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u56fa\u6709\u5c0a\u4e25\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u5265\u593a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300d(United Nations,1948)\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u5395\u6240\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u65e5\u76ca\u9891\u7e41\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u7531\u88ab\u6210\u529f\u5408\u7406\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5973\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u7537\u6027\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4fb5\u72af\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u6743\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u6743\u5229\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7528\u8bcd\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u300c\u53d8\u6027\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65e5\u5b50\u6216\u5468\u672b\u8fdb\u884c\u5174\u8da3\u7231\u597d\u7684\u5f02\u88c5\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5973\u6027\u5395\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5973\u6027\u4e13\u7528\u5395\u6240\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5973\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6(Penner,2001)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5395\u6240\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5916\u51fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u8fdb\u5165\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u6b63\u53d1\u8d77\u5173\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\u5395\u6240\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4eba\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u5973\u7ae5\u80fd\u591f\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5973\u6027\u80fd\u514d\u4e8e\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u6216\u516c\u5171\u573a\u6240\u6392\u6cc4\u65f6\u6613\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u6027\u66b4\u529b(Yardley,2012)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0b\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u798f\u7949\u548c\u673a\u9047\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u906d\u53d7\u8981\u6c42\u8fdb\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u88c5\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u7537\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u5395\u6240\u5236\u9020\u300c\u6743\u5229\u300d\u5177\u5907\u8bf8\u591a\u6f5c\u5728\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4f7f\u5973\u6027\u5fc3\u5b58\u987e\u8651\u4e0d\u6562\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u6f5c\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u95ee\u9898\uff1b\u5f3a\u8feb\u5973\u6027\u548c\u7537\u6027\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7537\u6027\u5bf9\u5728\u8fd9\u7c7b\u573a\u6240\u4fb5\u72af\u5973\u6027\u4eba\u683c\u5c0a\u4e25\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u6027\u5174\u594b\u62b1\u6709\u663e\u8457\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u8fdb\u5165\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5927\u91cf\u80fd\u514d\u8d39\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u8272\u60c5\u7d20\u6750\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4f50\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7d20\u6750\u4e2d\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5c55\u793a\u548c\u4ea4\u6362\u901a\u8fc7\u9690\u5f62\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u5077\u62cd\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5395\u6240\u548c\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u6392\u6cc4\u6216\u5728\u6dcb\u6d74\u95f4\u88f8\u4f53\u7684\u7167\u7247\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u5c5e\u4e8e\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u300c\u88d9\u5e95\u5077\u62cd(upskirts)\u300d\u7684\u8272\u60c5\u5b50\u7c7b\uff0c\u662f\u7537\u6027\u8272\u60c5\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5bf9\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u62cd\u6444\u5176\u88d9\u5e95\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u3002\u7537\u6027\u5077\u62cd\u88d9\u5e95\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5728\u81ea\u52a8\u6276\u68af\u4e0a\u5229\u7528\u978b\u5c16\u4e0a\u7684\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u3001\u5c06\u88c5\u6709\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u7684\u5305\u653e\u5728\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u65c1\u7684\u5730\u9762\u4e0a\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5973\u5395\u6240\u548c\u6dcb\u6d74\u95f4\u5b89\u88c5\u9690\u85cf\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u3002\u88d9\u5e95\u5077\u62cd\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u79fb\u52a8\u7535\u8bdd\u6280\u672f\u7684\u884d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9488\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u548c\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u4fc3\u4f7f\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u53f0\u65b0\u7acb\u6cd5\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898(Powell,2009)\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u88d9\u5e95\u5077\u62cd\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7fa4\u4f53\u80cc\u666f\u5404\u5f02\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u516c\u5f00\u8d5b\u7684\u7537\u7f51\u7403\u8ff7(ibid.)\uff0c\u5c06\u5973\u6559\u5e08\u89c6\u9891\u4e0a\u4f20\u81f3\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u7684\u7537\u5b66\u751f(Epstein,2012)\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u7537\u6027\u6ccc\u5c3f\u79d1\u533b\u751f\u3002\u5728 2012 \u5e74 8 \u6708\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u6ccc\u5c3f\u79d1\u533b\u751f\u5c06\u5176\u804c\u4e1a\u5174\u8da3\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u56e0\u5728\u8f66\u7ad9\u7ad9\u53f0\u4e0a\u5077\u62cd\u5973\u6027\u88d9\u5e95\u88ab\u6355(Newcomb,2012)\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7aa5\u6deb\u7656\u5305\u62ec\u76f4\u63a5\u9488\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6392\u6cc4\u529f\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u89c2\u5bdf\u3001\u62cd\u6444\u548c\u5f55\u97f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fb5\u72af\u5973\u6027\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u53d6\u5feb\u611f\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u90a3\u4e9b\u7a7f\u7740\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u7537\u6027\u3002\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u7a7f\u7740\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u7537\u6027\u56e0\u5728\u5973\u5395\u6240\u5185\u4ece\u4e8b\u5371\u5bb3\u5973\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u6355\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u6709\u5bb3\u884c\u4e3a\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u5077\u62cd\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u5395\u6240\u548c\u6dcb\u6d74\u95f4\u7684\u5973\u6027\u3001\u4ece\u76f8\u90bb\u5395\u6240\u9694\u95f4\u6216\u9694\u677f\u4e0b\u65b9\u5077\u7aa5\u5973\u6027\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u5973\u6027\u627f\u8ba4\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u82e5\u5973\u6027\u62d2\u7edd\u5219\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u653b\u51fb\u6027\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf1\u9a97\u513f\u7ae5\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u6027\u5395\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u4ece\u5f97\u77e5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u540c\u4e3a\u53d8\u6027\u8005\u6216\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u53ea\u4e3a\u66f4\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u63a5\u89e6\u5973\u6027\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u800c\u6362\u4e0a\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7537\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u6027\u5395\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u535a\u5ba2 Gender Trender \u5c06\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u6b64\u7c7b\u902e\u6355\u6848\u4f8b\u6c47\u603b\u6210\u6e05\u5355(Gender Trender,2011a)\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u5b50\u626e\u6210\u300c\u5e26\u9762\u5177\u548c\u5047\u53d1\u7684\u4eba\u4f53\u6a21\u7279\u300d\uff0c\u6f5c\u5165\u4e00\u5bb6\u8d2d\u7269\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5973\u5395\u6240\u9694\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u300c\u5b9e\u65bd\u300d\u672a\u6307\u660e\u7684\u300c\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u300d(The Telegraph,2011)\u3002\u8fd9\u540d\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5c81\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u544a\u8bc9\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ed6\u300c\u53d1\u73b0\u5973\u6027\u4e0a\u5395\u6240\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u4ee4\u5176\u6027\u5174\u594b\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u7528\u624b\u673a\u4ece\u9694\u95f4\u95e8\u4e0b\u62cd\u6444\u5973\u6027\u7684\u53cc\u811a\uff0c\u5e76\u5f55\u4e0b\u9a6c\u6876\u51b2\u6c34\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u7537\u5b50\u5047\u626e\u5973\u6027\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u7684\u5973\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u5185\u7aa5\u89c6\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u624b\u673a\u62cd\u7167(Rufus,2010)\u3002\u5728\u963f\u80af\u8272\u5dde\u5c0f\u77f3\u57ce\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u8eab\u7a7f\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5c81\u7537\u5b50\u56e0\u5728\u4e09\u540d\u513f\u7ae5\u9762\u524d\u66b4\u9732\u751f\u6b96\u5668\u624b\u6deb\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bf1\u9a97\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u5395\u6240\u88ab\u6355(Newport TV,2010)\u3002\u6b64\u4eba\u6709\u957f\u671f\u9732\u4f53\u548c\u7325\u4eb5\u53f2\u30022013\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u8eab\u7a7f\u300c\u5973\u6027\u300d\u670d\u88c5\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u56e0\u4f7f\u7528\u9690\u85cf\u6444\u50cf\u5934\u5728\u5973\u5395\u6240\u5185\u5077\u62cd\u5973\u6027\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u88ab\u6355(<em>Daily News<\/em>,2013)\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5973\u6027\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f2a\u88c5\u6f5c\u5165\u7537\u5395\u6240\u5077\u6444\u7537\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u5bf9\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7537\u6027\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50cf\u5973\u6027\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7528\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u9694\u79bb\u5395\u6240\u6765\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4fdd\u62a4\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u540c\u300d\u6743\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5728 2012 \u5e74 10 \u6708\u7f8e\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u79d1\u6797\u00b7\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u6848\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5c81\u7684\u751f\u7406\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u7ed3\u8fc7\u4e09\u6b21\u5a5a\uff0c\u4e14\u662f\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u6709\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7537\u6027\u751f\u6b96\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728 2009 \u5e74\u524d\u90fd\u5728\u4ee5\u7537\u6027\u8eab\u4efd\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u5e38\u9752\u5dde\u7acb\u5b66\u9662\u5973\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u6851\u62ff\u623f\u7684\u6743\u5229(Golgowski,2012)\u3002\u8be5\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u7531\u90bb\u8fd1\u4e24\u6240\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u751f\u5171\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bb6\u957f\u6295\u8bc9\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u5177\u6709\u7537\u6027\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u5e38\u5728\u5176\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u5973\u513f\u9762\u524d\u88f8\u9732\u8eab\u4f53\u3002\u6821\u65b9\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u62a4\u79d1\u6797\u5728\u5973\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u88f8\u9732\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5f15\u5bfc\u5973\u5b69\u4eec\u53bb\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u5904\u9762\u79ef\u66f4\u5c0f\u3001\u8bbe\u65bd\u8f83\u5dee\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e3b\u66f4\u8863\u5ba4\u52a0\u88c5\u4e00\u9053\u5e18\u5b50\uff0c\u79f0\u5973\u5b69\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5e18\u5b50\u540e\u9762\u66f4\u8863\u3002\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u7684\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u540c\u300d\u6743\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u751f\u800c\u4e3a\u5973\u5e76\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\u629a\u517b\u957f\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u672c\u8282\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4ec5\u662f\u5973\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6279\u5224\u535a\u5ba2\u6240\u7f57\u5217\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u5f55\u5236\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5df2\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ee3\u8868\u6b64\u7c7b\u7537\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u51b0\u5c71\u4e00\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f02\u88c5\u7537\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u5973\u5395\u6240\u7684\u6743\u5229\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u8c13\u8fdb\u6b65\u9177\u513f\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u4eba\u58eb\u8054\u76df\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u9694\u79bb\u5395\u6240\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f7b\u5e95\u8fc7\u65f6\u3002\u7ea6\u514b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5e2d\u62c9\u00b7\u5361\u74e6\u7eb3\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u5979\u8457\u6709\u300a\u9177\u513f\u5316\u6d17\u624b\u95f4(Queering Bathrooms)\u300b(2010)\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u5979\u5bf9\u300c\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6027\u63a0\u593a\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u55e4\u4e4b\u4ee5\u9f3b\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>(\u636e\u6211\u6240\u77e5)\u5c1a\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u5728\u6d17\u624b\u95f4\u5bf9\u987a\u6027\u522b(\u5373\u975e\u8de8\u6027\u522b)\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u6027\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u4eff\u4f5b\u5395\u6240\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u8bc1\u660e\u53cd\u5bf9\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u8c61\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\u2014\u2014Cavanagh,2011:18<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u8de8\u8d8a\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b58\u5728(Romito,2008)\uff0c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5145\u5206\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8eab\u7740\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u7537\u6027\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5f02\u88c5\u7537\u6027\u8fd8\u662f\u300c\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u5728\u5395\u6240\u7b49\u7a7a\u95f4\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5b9e\u65bd\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6307\u51fa\u6b64\u7c7b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u8f7b\u8511\u548c\u5632\u8bbd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5426\u5b9a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5361\u74e6\u7eb3\u4e3b\u5f20\u63a8\u884c\u53bb\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u5316\u5395\u6240\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u5305\u5bb9\u4e14\u8c6a\u534e\u7684\u5395\u6240\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u6295\u5165\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u300d(Cavanagh,2011:20)\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6743\u5229\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u9177\u513f\u7406\u8bba\u9886\u57df\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u652f\u6301\u30022013 \u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5e03\u83b1\u987f-\u970d\u592b\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u6709\u610f\u5bf9\u5176\u516c\u5171\u5395\u6240\u5b9e\u65bd\u53bb\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u5316\u6539\u9769(Ward,2013)\u3002\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u63a8\u5e7f\u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u4e2d\u6027\u300d\u5e76\u300c\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e0d\u5206\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\u300d\u3002\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u4ece\u4fee\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u56db\u95f4\u65b0\u536b\u751f\u95f4\u548c\u4e00\u5bb6\u5496\u5561\u9986\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u536b\u751f\u95f4\u7684\u95e8\u4e0a\u5c06\u540c\u65f6\u5370\u6709\u7537\u6027\u3001\u5973\u6027\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u3002\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u8bbe\u65bd\u300c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u7537\u5973\u4e8c\u5143\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u5c06\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u300d(ibid.)\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u5395\u6240\u5c06\u9010\u6b65\u88ab\u6dd8\u6c70\u3002\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4e3a\u54cd\u5e94\u5e02\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e8\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u300c\u8be5\u5e02\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u5c45\u6c11\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u300d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ec4\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u300c\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u5ba1\u67e5\u5c0f\u7ec4\u300d\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u8fd8\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5e94\u7981\u6b62\u4f7f\u7528\u6d89\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u5982\u5148\u751f\u3001\u592b\u4eba\u3001\u5c0f\u59d0\u548c\u5973\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5192\u72af\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u793e\u7fa4\u5e76\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u300c\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u300d\u3002\u7eff\u515a\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u652f\u6301\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u8bae\u5458\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6743\u3002\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u4fdd\u5b88\u515a\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bae\u5458\u8fa9\u79f0\uff1a\u300c\u5f53\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5e26\u7740\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:70px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.6\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u76d1\u72f1\u7cfb\u7edf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5973\u5395\u6240\u5e76\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u3001\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u6613\u53d7\u5bfb\u6c42\u884c\u4f7f \u300c\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u6743\u5229\u300d \u7684\u7537\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5bfb\u6c42\u5408\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5165\u6743\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u672c\u8282\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u5f53\u7537\u6027\u5192\u5145\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u5973\u6027\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4e0a\u65f6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6743\u5229\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u6b63\u5728\u5229\u7528\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u4e89\u53d6\u5230\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u8d39\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6cbb\u7597\u3001\u968f\u540e\u8f6c\u5165\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u548c\u5973\u6027\u5171\u540c\u7f81\u62bc\u6743\u7684\u7537\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u90e8\u5206\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u5373\u88ab\u5224\u72af\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u66b4\u529b\u7f6a\u884c(\u5305\u62ec\u8c0b\u6740\u5973\u6027)\u7684\u7537\u6027\u3002\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u72af\u7f6a\u503e\u5411\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c21% \u7684\u7537\u6027\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u66fe\u56e0\u5404\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u5224\u5165\u72f1\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e3a 2.7%(Grant et al,2011)\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u300c\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u300d\u56da\u72af\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u62d2\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u540c\u6027\u604b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5927\u578b\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e8b\u52a1\u6240\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u6b63\u65e5\u76ca\u5151\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u56da\u72af\u7684\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6cbb\u7597\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c4\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u82e5\u6210\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c4\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8fde\u73af\u6740\u624b\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u4e39\u8036\u5c06\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u30021993\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u6e7e\u533a\u90ca\u533a\uff0c\u4e39\u8036\u5728\u4e03\u5468\u5185\u6740\u5bb3\u4e09\u540d\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u6027\u3002\u670d\u5211\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u6c42\u300c\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u5316\u5986\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba\u51fa\u8d44\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u6539\u53d8\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5951\u7ea6\u5951\u636e<sup data-fn=\"49ee96c2-f648-4033-be26-62a1aad19bdd\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#49ee96c2-f648-4033-be26-62a1aad19bdd\" id=\"49ee96c2-f648-4033-be26-62a1aad19bdd-link\">1<\/a><\/sup>\u6b63\u5f0f\u5c06\u540d\u5b57\u6539\u4e3a\u5b9d\u62c9\u300d(Dunn,2012)\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u88ab\u9a73\u56de\uff0c\u5728 2012 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u5b9e\u9645\u548c\u5973\u6027\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u636e\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u6b63\u5728\u8c03\u67e5\u4e39\u8036\u6d89\u5acc\u5f3a\u5978\u56db\u540d\u60a3\u6709\u667a\u529b\u969c\u788d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u72f1\u53cb\u3002\u4e39\u8036\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u786e\u5b9e\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5f53\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u5206\u5b50\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u300c\u5973\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u5973\u6027\u76d1\u533a\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7537\u6027\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u4e3a\u300c\u5973\u6027\u300d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c31\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u4ece\u4e8b\u5177\u5907\u660e\u663e\u7537\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u3001\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u503e\u5411\u3002\u5728 2012 \u5e74\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u9732\u9732\u00b7\u8f9b\u767b\u5728\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u6cd5\u9662\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u83b7\u51c6\u5f00\u59cb\u63a5\u53d7\u9488\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u540c\u969c\u788d\u7684\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u6606\u58eb\u5170\u60e9\u6559\u7f72\u8fa9\u79f0\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u4ec5\u5411\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u76d1\u72f1\u7cfb\u7edf\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u670d\u7528\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u7684\u7537\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u836f\u7269(Smith,2012)\u30021999 \u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u8f9b\u767b\u56e0\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u88ad\u51fb\u4e03\u5341\u4e00\u5c81\u7684\u8d1d\u745e\u5c14\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff0c\u8be5\u88ad\u51fb\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e03\u6717\u5fc3\u810f\u75c5\u53d1\u4f5c\u5e76\u4e2d\u98ce\u8eab\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u8fdb\u884c\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6cbb\u7597\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u4f46 2011 \u548c2012 \u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u7acb\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u83b7\u5f97\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u6cbb\u7597\u548c\u624b\u672f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5728 2011 \u5e74\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u4fb5\u5973\u7ae5\u72af\u7f6a\u53f2\u7684\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u8d62\u5f97\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u6743\u5229(McDermott <em>er al.<\/em>,2011)\u3002\u6851\u8fea\u00b7\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u4ece\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u9488\u5bf9\u5973\u5b69\u5b9e\u65bd\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5728\u4ed6\u516d\u5c81\u65f6\u88ab\u7236\u4eb2\u6740\u5bb3\uff0c\u636e\u79f0\u5728\u4ed6\u7531\u7956\u7236\u6bcd\u76d1\u62a4\u671f\u95f4\u66fe\u906d\u53d7\u6027\u8650\u5f85\u3002\u5341\u56db\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ad\u51fb\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u516d\u5c81\u5973\u5b69\uff1b\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u53c8\u5c06\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u5b69\u5e26\u5165\u6811\u6797\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u5b9e\u65bd\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002\u5728 1986 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u56e0\u7ed9\u4ece\u5f53\u5730\u62a5\u7eb8\u7269\u8272\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u5b69\u62e8\u6253\u6deb\u79fd\u7535\u8bdd\u88ab\u6355\uff1b\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u5728\u7262\u623f\u5185\u85cf\u533f\u5c11\u5973\u7167\u7247\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u5904\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e 1997 \u5e74\u88ab\u8bca\u65ad\u60a3\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u540c\u969c\u788d\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u5fb7\u83ab\u7279\u00b7\u5a01\u5c14-\u57c3\u9ed8\u91cc\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e8b\u52a1\u6240\u5728\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u8d77\u8bc9\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0d\u51c6\u5176\u63a5\u53d7\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\u62c5\u4efb\u4ee3\u7406\u3002\u8be5\u5f8b\u6240\u5728\u5176\u5b98\u7f51\u4e0a\u81ea\u8c6a\u5730\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u6743\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\u5927\u83b7\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8ba9\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e8e 2011 \u5e74\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e3a\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u5854\u6cbb\u7597\u5c06\u6784\u6210\u300c\u6b8b\u9177\u4e14\u975e\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u5bf9\u5979\u4e25\u91cd\u533b\u7597\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6f20\u89c6\u300d(ibid.)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u4f8b\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e 2012 \u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u53e6\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u56da\u72af\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u8be5\u56da\u72af\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bfb\u6c42\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u6cbb\u7597\u6743\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u5f97\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f(Lavoie,2012)\u3002\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u65af\u5217\u592b\u4e8e 1990 \u5e74\u8c0b\u6740\u59bb\u5b50\u96ea\u8389\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5224\u51b3\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u7537\u6027\u76d1\u72f1\u4ee5\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u4efd\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u670d\u7528\u8377\u5c14\u8499\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u9996\u6b21\u547d\u4ee4\u76d1\u72f1\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u56da\u72af\u63d0\u4f9b\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f\u3002\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u88c1\u5b9a\uff0c\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f\u662f\u6cbb\u7597\u300c\u5979\u300d\u7684\u300c\u4e25\u91cd\u533b\u7597\u9700\u6c42\u300d\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u9884\u8ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u88c1\u51b3\u5c06\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5f00\u521b\u5148\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c06\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u8f6c\u5230\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u88c1\u5b9a\u7d27\u5bc6\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u300c\u6743\u5229\u300d\u5728\u82f1\u56fd 2009 \u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u8d77\u6cd5\u9662\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u88ab\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u4f4d\u672a\u5177\u540d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u83b7\u51c6\u8f6c\u5165\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u8be5\u6848\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4eba\u5728 2001 \u5e74\u88ab\u5224\u8bef\u6740\u5176\u7537\u6027\u60c5\u4eba\uff0c\u636e\u79f0\u56e0\u5bf9\u65b9\u62d2\u7edd\u8d44\u52a9\u5176\u53d8\u6027\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u7528\u4e00\u526f\u8fde\u88e4\u889c\u5c06\u5bf9\u65b9\u52d2\u6b7b\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u5224\u5904\u4e94\u5e74\u76d1\u7981\u3002\u5728\u83b7\u91ca\u4ec5\u4e94\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u4f01\u56fe\u5f3a\u5978\u4e00\u540d\u964c\u751f\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u9001\u56de\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u751f\u7406\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u8be5\u56da\u72af\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u5fc5\u987b\u8fdb\u884c\u771f\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u4efd\u751f\u6d3b\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u4ed6\u8f6c\u5165\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u4ed6\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6(European Convention on Human Rights)\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0a\u8bc9\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u83b7\u51c6\u8f6c\u76d1\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u8fa9\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u548c\u4ed6\u300c\u6781\u5ea6\u6e34\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\u300d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba3\u5224\uff1a\u300e\u5c06\u300c\u5979\u300d\u7ee7\u7eed\u7f81\u62bc\u5728\u7537\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u5979\u6839\u636e\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c\u516b\u6761\u300c\u79c1\u4eba\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u6743\u300d\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6743\u5229\u300f\u3002\u8be5\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u51fa\u5ead\u5f8b\u5e08\u83f2\u8389\u5e15\u00b7\u8003\u592b\u66fc\u5c06\u4ed6\u79f0\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u5979\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6613\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u5355\u5143\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u5fc3\u6240\u6b32\u5730\u7a7f\u8863\uff0c\u4e5f\u753b\u4e0d\u4e86\u6de1\u5986\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5986\u5bb9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5979\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u300d(Allen,2009)\u3002\u800c\u5373\u5c06\u548c\u4ed6\u540c\u76d1\u7684\u5973\u72af\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u4ed6\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8eab\u4efd\u6216\u7f6a\u884c(ibid.)\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u663e\u7684\u6743\u5229\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u5b50\u7684\u5316\u5986\u6743\u548c\u88ab\u76d1\u7981\u7684\u6613\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7f81\u62bc\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u56da\u72af\u514d\u53d7\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u6743\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5f97\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e8e 2011 \u5e74 3 \u6708\u53d1\u5e03\u5173\u4e8e\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u7684\u56da\u72af\u5f85\u9047\u7684\u65b0\u6307\u5357\u3002\u8be5\u6307\u5357\u5141\u8bb8\u56da\u72af\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u5e76\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002\u6307\u5357\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u6301\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u522b\u8ba4\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66\u7684\u7537\u8de8\u5973\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u5973\u6027\u76d1\u533a\u72f1\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u5b89\u5168\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5973\u6027\u56da\u72af\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u5728\u7537\u6027\u76d1\u533a\u65f6\uff0c\u65b9\u53ef\u62d2\u7edd\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f6c\u5165\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\u2014\u2014Ministry of Justice,2011<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b64\u5904\u65e2\u672a\u8003\u8651\u7537\u6027\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u5973\u56da\u6784\u6210\u5371\u9669\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6307\u5357\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7537\u6027\u5728\u5973\u6027\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5047\u626e\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u7537\u6027\u5047\u626e\u5973\u6027\u8fdb\u5165\u5973\u5b50\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u906d\u5230\u5973\u56da\u6392\u65a5\u800c\u9762\u4e34\u963b\u788d\u3002\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u4e8e 2010 \u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u7406\u7531(Melloy,2010)\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6210\u672c\u9ad8\u6602\u4e14\u590d\u6742\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u867d\u7136\u6cd5\u5f8b\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u662f\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229 GLBT \u7ec4\u7ec7 Arcigay \u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5965\u96f7\u5229\u5965\u00b7\u66fc\u5e93\u7d22\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff1a\u300c\u5c06\u8de8\u6027\u522b\u8005\u548c\u7537\u6027\u56da\u72af\u5173\u62bc\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u56fa\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u5973\u6027\u56da\u72af\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u8fdc\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u5973\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5973\u6027\u300d(ibid.)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2005 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